The prevalence of obesity and smoking –and a lack of awareness of the importance of physical exercise – mean that a large number of people in the Arab world are victims ofchronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension and respiratory and cardiovascular problems. The incidence of these diseases is one of the main causes of high mortality and morbidity in the region.

In addition, a large share of Arab workers are employed in the informal sector. They mostly lack health insurance coverage to protect them from illness and its other negative consequences, such as catastrophic health spending. Thus, the inception of sickness is likely not only to reduce work productivity but also to drive people out of the labour market.

The high incidence of chronic illnesses increases absenteeism rates and leads to significant losses in workers’ incomes. Thus, good health status represents a very important asset for workers, the loss of which has serious implications for their labour supply decisions, their incomes, their assets and their productivity.

Chronic illness and the labour market in Egypt and Tunisia

Our research analyses data from the Labor Market Panel Surveys for Egypt (ELMPS 2012) and Tunisia (TLMPS 2014). The results indicate that the prevalence of chronic diseases has a significant negative impact on labour force participation in both countries (Ebaidalla and Ali, 2018).

While our findings are specific to Egypt and Tunisia, they draw attention to the economic burden of chronic illness across the whole Arab region. The findings also warn of the financial burden resulting from chronically ill people dropping out of the labour market. Reductions in labour force participation due to illness have significant negative consequences for economic growth in these countries.

What can be done to reduce the effect of chronic illness on labour market participation?

Given the increasing trend of chronic diseases coupled with the economic burden associated with those diseases, Arab countries need sound health, economic and 2 social policy to protect workers from becoming victims of chronic diseases – and to reduce the negative effects on labour productivity and economic growth. These measures may include the following.

Improving healthcare systems

Enhancing healthcare systems is essential for improving the health of the workforce. That requires the adoption of measures to protect workers from the negative consequences of chronic illness. These may include early inspection of chronic diseases and the provision of sufficient healthcare to workers with chronic illness. In addition, investments in health education, food policies and urban physical infrastructure are needed to support healthcare systems.

Adopting preventive health measures

Policy-makers in public health should initiate health awareness campaigns to promote people’s acceptance and use of preventive measures against chronic diseases. These campaigns must be delivered in a form that can be digested by the average citizen. In areas with particular cultural characteristics, campaign programmes should be conducted in local languages.

Adopting healthy lifestyle systems

The rising prevalence of risk factors for chronic diseases such as smoking, overweight, obesity and ageing of the population will have significant effects on the potential productive capacity of the future Arab workforce. Therefore, changing lifestyles and behaviours related to smoking, physical activity and diet is crucial.

Overweight is a widespread phenomenon in the Arab region, with levels comparable to other developing and developed countries. The education system can play an important role in changing diets, physical activity patterns and other aspects of lifestyle. School curricula should include principles and standards on health and environmental change.

Economic policies to promote healthy behaviours

Economic policies that promote healthy behaviours and choices need to be adopted by Arab policy-makers. For example, measures that influence diet and physical activities deserve careful consideration because they support healthy behaviours. Consider the following examples:

• High taxes on tobacco to control tobacco consumption.
• Subsidies that discourage consumption of less healthy foods, such as sugar, refined grains, beef and high-fat dairy products, as opposed to fruit and vegetables.
• Policies to promote the use of public transport, walking and riding bicycles, such as better infrastructure, discounts on transport fares and secure bicycle parking.

Extending health insurance

Given low participation rates in health insurance packages, particularly in the informal sector, health insurance must be expanded to include the poorest groups in society. There should be a particular focus on those in rural areas and informal workers, as well as unpaid family workers, to improve access to relevant healthcare services. Achieving universal health coverage should be at the top of development agenda of Arab countries.

Further reading

Ebaidalla, E Mahjoub, and Mohammed E Ali (2018) ‘Chronic Illness and Labor Market Participation in Arab Countries: Evidence from Egypt and Tunisia’, ERF Working Paper No. 1229.

Willett, W, J Koplan, R Nugent, C Dusenbury, P Puska and T Gaziano (2006) ‘Prevention of Chronic Disease by Means of Diet and Lifestyle Changes’, World Bank.